https://www.itprotoday.com/linux/how-remotely-manage-linux-users-and-groups

How To Remotely Manage Linux Users and Groups

This guide provides detailed explanations, practical tips, and recommended tools and practices for the remote management of Linux users and groups.

Grant Knoetze | Sep 14, 2023

Are you looking to manage Linux users and groups remotely? This guide will walk you through key concepts and practices, enhancing the security of your systems.

Managing Linux users and groups starts by understanding what a user is – an individual who has access to the system. A user can be a standard or privileged user.

A group, meanwhile, is essentially a collection of user accounts with the same permissions. Groups provide a practical way to implement Role-Based Access Control, or RBAC, which assigns a group of users access to the same resources and permissions based on their role. For instance, you can have groups like “accounts,” “developers,” or “managers.”

Within Linux, there are two distinct types of users: system users and regular users. Regular users don’t have sudo or root access, which grants elevated privileges. In every Linux system, there is a root account, which functions as the administrator account with unrestricted privileges. On the other hand, a sudo account offers limited administrative access, and these users are typically listed in the /etc/sudoers file.

Group directories contain the specific files associated with a given group, while a user directory contains the files belonging to an individual user. Each user on a Linux system has their named directory inside the /home directory (e.g., in my case, it’s /home/grant).

User information is stored in the /etc/passwd file, whereas encrypted password information is stored in the /etc/shadow file. Encrypted group information is stored in the /etc/gshadow file.

How To Manage Linux Users and Groups Remotely

Let’s delve into key aspects of remotely managing Linux users and groups.

Using Secure Shell (SSH) to connect to remote systems for administration

Secure Shell (SSH) is an excellent protocol for connecting to remote systems and running commands on them simply and securely.

To illustrate this, I will explain how I use SSH to connect to Linux machines hosted on AWS in my purple team cloud lab from my Windows workstation.

In Figure 1, you can see how I use SSH to remotely log in to a Linux virtual machine. I frequently use SSH to access my Linux VMs directly from my Windows host machine or other Linux system, as I work on red team and purple team labs that involve both Windows and Linux virtual machines hosted on AWS.

Once connected through SSH, you can run Linux commands directly on that machine. As shown in Figure 1, I have run the ls command on the Linux VM.

Grant Knoetze example of Secure Shell (SHH) command in Linux

Figure 1. This shows how I SSH into a Linux virtual machine that is part of a cloud lab for purple teaming.

While there are GUI applications like TeamViewer available, SSH remains a reliable choice for secure remote access.

Understand the /etc/passwd file

The /etc/passwd file stores essential login information. The file contains a list of the system’s accounts, with each entry providing user-related data such as username, user ID, group ID, home directory, shell, and more. It’s important to restrict write access to the /etc/passwd file to root users. In the password field of each account entry, there should be an “x” character, indicating that an encrypted password exists in the /etc/shadow file.

Grant Knoetze showing the contents of /etc/passwd file in Linux

Figure 2. When we cat the /etc/passwd file, we can see all users. The root user entry is highlighted.

Grant Knoetze output of the cat /etc/passwd command

Figure 3. The rest of the output of the cat /etc/passwd command. We can see our three users: grant, kelly, and Katye.

The /etc/passwd file contains one entry per line for each user, as can be seen in Figure 2 and 3. All fields are separated by a colon (:). There is a total of seven fields:

Username: This field can be between 1 and 32 characters in length and is used when the user logs in.
Password: An “x” character indicates that the encrypted password is stored in the /etc/shadow file.
User ID (UID): Each user is assigned a unique user ID. User ID 0 (zero) is reserved for the root account, while UIDs 1 to 99 are reserved for predefined accounts. UIDs 100 to 999 are reserved for administrative and system accounts and groups.
Group ID (GID): This field references the group ID stored in the /etc/group file.
User ID Information (GECOS): This command field allows administrators to add extra information about the user, such as their full name and email address.
Home Directory: This is the absolute path to the directory the user will be placed in upon login.
Command/shell: This field specifies the absolute path of a command or shell, such as /bin/bash.

List all users

To list all users on the system, simply run the following command:

sudo /etc/passwd

The command displays a list of all users on the terminal. If want to save this list to a text file, you can use the standard output redirector operator (>).

Manage group membership

For managing group memberships, you have the option of using a GUI application or a command-line tool. To create a new group, you can use the groupadd command. Additionally, there are several other commands available for tasks like creating new groups, deleting existing groups, and modifying group properties.

To add a new user to a group, there are various commands, including:

usermod
useradd
gpasswd

To remove a user from a group, you can use the same commands with the relevant option or switch. You can find the options and switches specific to each command by running the --help option with the command.

Create, modify, and delete user accounts

To remotely manage users and groups from the terminal, you can use the useradd, usermod, and userdel utilities. When you create a user, the default settings are defined in the /etc/login.defs file. In Figure 4, you can see where I use the cat command to output the contents of the /etc/login.defs file.

If you need to modify configuration files in Linux, you can use built-in text editors such as Nano (see Figure 5).

Grant Knoetze showing the output of the sudo cat /etc/login.defs file

Figure 4. The output of the sudo cat /etc/login.defs file.

Grant Knoetze showing the /etc/login.defs file opened in Nano for modification

Figure 5. The /etc/login.defs file is open in Nano for modification.

Use command-line tools to manage users

Managing users remotely via the command line is a straightforward process. In a recent article, I highlighted several commands for managing users. The same commands include familiar ones like useradd, userdel, usermod, groupadd, groupdel, and groupmod. They can all be used in the command line for remote management of Linux users and groups.

Manage user password requirements

Password management is critical in the overall security of remote systems and users. It is important to establish password policies that force users to create complex and difficult-to-crack passwords. Additionally, the use of a password manager can help users manage their passwords securely.

Linux offers Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAMs) that can be downloaded and integrated into the system. The PAMs provide Linux system administrators with tools and techniques for authenticating users.

Furthermore, in scenarios where centralized user authentication and login management are needed, you might be using Active Directory or Open-LDAP. In such cases, you would usually configure group policies to enforce password-related rules and policies across the network.

Managing Linux Groups Remotely

Managing groups remotely can present challenges, but luckily, we have many tools at our disposal. To gain a complete understanding of Linux group management, let’s start by exploring the /etc/group file.

Understanding the /etc/group file

In Figure 6, you can see where I have used the cat /etc/group command to output the contents of the /etc/group file. To modify the file, you can use a text or code editor like Nano, as can be seen in Figure 7.

Grant Knoetze the cat command is run on the /etc/group file to show its contents

Figure 6. The cat command is run on the /etc/group file to show its contents.

Grant Knoetze the /etc/group file is opened in Nano for configuration

Figure 7. The /etc/group file is opened in Nano for configuration.

There are four fields in each entry, from left to right:

group_name (group name)
Password (password, usually place held by an “x” character in the /etc/group file)
GID (Group ID)
Group List (List of all usernames who are members of the group)

Associate a new user with an existing group

There are various commands for remotely adding a user to a group, including usermod, useradd, and the gpasswd commands. I have written an article on adding users to groups, which you can read here.

Remove a user from a group

When you need to remove a user from a group, you can use the same commands as before but with different switches or options selected. Remember to run the --help command for any command to see the options and switches that are available. The commands typically used for this task include usermod, useradd, and gpasswd.

Create a new group

You can use the groupadd command to create a group.

Change primary group

In Linux, the primary group is a special group assigned by the operating system to files created by the user, and each user must belong to a primary group. Secondary groups are all the other groups to which a user can belong. A user can be a member of up to 15 groups.

To find out a user’s groups, use cat or another command to output or save the contents of the /etc/passwd file, as we discussed earlier in this article. To remotely change a user’s primary group, you can use the commands that we have already mentioned, such as useradd, groupadd, and gpasswd.

Tools for Remote Linux User and Group Management

You can use a variety of command-line tools for remote management of Linux users and groups. These include the commands that we have already discussed extensively, plus a few others.

For users:

useradd (to add a new user)
usermod (to modify user attributes)
userdel (to delete a user)

For groups:

groupadd (to add a new group)
gpasswd (to manage group passwords)
groupdel (to delete a group)
groupmod (to modify a group)

Infrastructure as Code for Managing Multiple Servers at Scale

For managing multiple servers at scale, infrastructure as code (IaC) tools are invaluable. IaC tools let you use declarative programming languages in scripts, which can be replicated across multiple servers or systems, allowing large-scale management.

One popular IaC tool is Puppet, although there are other IaC offerings available, as well. You can find a link to the Puppet project at the end of this article.

When working with IaC tools like Puppet, you will typically configure files that can be replicated across systems. To do this successfully, you must have a basic understanding of how to use text and code editors from the command line in Linux. We have already introduced Nano as a tool, but there are other options available like Vim and Vi.

Tips and Best Practices for Remote Management of Linux Users and Groups

Here are several tips and best practices for managing Linux users and groups remotely.

Use Secure Shell (SSH). SSH is a secure protocol for remote management of Linux systems and is highly recommended for secure access.

Verify user and group information. Ensure that user and group information is correct and not duplicated anywhere.

Review group permissions and home directories. Regularly review group permissions to ensure they have access to the necessary resources. Likewise, manage user home directories and set correct permissions.

Enable shadow passwords. The file that stores encrypted user passwords is the /etc/shadow file and is only accessible by the root user. Storing passwords in the /etc/passwd file is an unsafe practice.

Review password policies. Regularly assess and update password policies and procedures.

Check group membership. Use the groups command to verify a user’s group membership. Simply follow the command with the username, and all the groups the user belongs to will be displayed, as can be seen in Figure 8.

Test in a non-production environment. Test commands in a safe test environment before applying them in a production system.

Use tools like sudo and PAM. Sudo provides fine-grained access control, while Pluggable Authentication Modules offers flexible user authentication.

Use GUI tools where possible. TeamViewer is one example of software available for remote system administration, especially for day-to-day remote management.

Maintain documentation. Keep a detailed user database and documentation for users and groups. Documentation can be valuable for reference and troubleshooting.

Grant Knoetze output of the groups command when run with my username as an argument

Figure 8. The output of the groups command when run with my username as an argument. All the groups that I belong to are listed here.

Final Thoughts

Whether you are performing actions at scale across multiple systems or managing a single system, Linux provides a range of tools to suit your needs. These tools can be terminal-based, such as SSH, or GUI-based like TeamViewer. Thanks to Linux’s flexibility as an operating system, as well as its support for protocols like SSH, remote administration of users and groups can be straightforward and efficient.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: What is remote user and group management in Linux?

A: Remote user and group management in Linux involves the administration of user accounts and groups from a remote location. In addition, it’s the practice of maintaining user access, permissions, and security across multiple Linux machines. Management of users and groups is commonly performed according to the principle of Role-Based Access Control (RBAC).

You may be used to a Windows environment where tools like Remote Desktop Protocol and PowerShell remoting are used. When Active Directory is implemented in these environments, centralized user and group management and authentication are achieved easily.

In the Linux environment, things are a bit different – although, interestingly, Windows and Linux systems can communicate with each other using SSH and other protocols.

Q: What tools are available for remote management in Linux?

A: You have a choice of tools and protocols to suit your needs. They include GUI tools, like TeamViewer, and command-line tools, such as the SSH protocol using the ssh command. Other popular tools include Putty, which is a remoting tool that can be used across platforms (Windows, Linux, and MacOS).

In addition, there are infrastructure as code tools, as discussed earlier. Below you will find links to three of these: Terraform, Puppet, and Ansible.

Additional Resources and Links

ITPro Today Linux resources

Check out my contributor page for a library of my Linux articles: https://www.itprotoday.com/author/Grant-Knoetze

TAGS: IDENTITY MANAGEMENT AND ACCESS CONTROL

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The Best Linux Commands: A Comprehensive Guide for All Users

This guide offers explanations and examples for important Linux commands. You will learn each command’s capabilities and practical use cases.

Grant Knoetze | Aug 24, 2023

Linux commands provides users with a way to interact with the system at a basic level. Typically, these commands are executed within the terminal.

For this article, I have put together a list of Linux commands that I find useful and efficient. I will discuss not only my personal favorites but also ones that are handy for everyday users.

Why Are Linux Commands Important?

Linux commands are important to know because much of the user’s interaction with the Linux system will involve operations in the terminal. At their core, commands are stored as programs within the Linux system. Programs installed by default are stored in the /bin directory, while user-installed programs and commands are stored in the /usr/bin directory.

File and folder manipulation

Linux commands are useful for manipulating files and folders. They enable tasks like creating, deleting, moving, copying, and renaming files and folders.

An alternative to the GUI

Using Linux commands within the terminal presents an alternative to using the graphical user interface (GUI). By using commands, users can tap into the full potential of the operating system. The terminal often offers more flexibility and power than the GUI, resulting in faster and more efficient operations.

Scripting capability

Linux commands can be incorporated into scripts, offering flexibility in performing operations.

Command line tools

Certain tools and applications are only available for use in the terminal using commands. Commands can be combined through the pipeline, and redirector operators can be used in the terminal – things that can’t be done in the GUI.

Basic-level OS interaction

Linux commands allow the user to engage with the operating system at a fundamental level. The terminal serves as a gateway to the OS. Mastering the terminal and use of commands grants complete access to the Linux OS' capabilities.

Efficiency in command line work

Working with commands in the command line often outpaces GUI interactions in terms of speed and efficiency. It also allows for the automation of repetitive tasks.

A Comprehensive List of the Best Linux Commands

Before reviewing this list, remember that you can get help with a specific command by simply typing the command followed by --help. Doing so will display all the available options for the command, often including switches and examples.

For more detailed information on a command, you can use the man command to access the manual pages (more on this below).

ls command (list files)

The ls command is used to list files. The command can be useful for providing a visual representation of the contents within a particular directory. In Figure 1, you can see the output of listing the file contents of my downloads folder.

Grant Knoetze ls command example

Figure 1. Output of the ls command.

In Figure 2, I have used the -l and -a flags, representing “long” and “all” respectively. These flags produce an extended format of the command’s output, showing all files, including files that are hidden.

Grant Knoetze ls -la command example

Figure 2. Output of the ls -la command. This format will show hidden files, which are usually prefixed with a dot (.).

cd command (change directory)

The cd (change directory) command is highly useful for navigating directories in the terminal. There are many ways to use the command.

To move into the parent directory of your current location, use the cd .. command.

The cd command can also take absolute and relative file paths for directory navigation. With an absolute file path, the command would look something like this (see Figure 3):

cd /home/grant/downloads

To use a relative file path, you only need to use part of the path. Here’s an example (see Figure 4):

cd ~/Documents

Grant Knoetze example of cd command with an absolute file path

Figure 3. Output of the cd command with an absolute file path.

Grant Knoetze example of cd command with a relative file path

Figure 4. Output of the cd command with a relative file path.

mkdir command (create a new directory)

The mkdir command is used to create new directories in the command line, as can be seen in Figure 5.

Grant Knoetze example of mkdir command

Figure 5. The mkdir command in action, creating a new directory.

cp command (copy files and directories)

The cp command enables you to copy files and directories across different locations. This command can also copy entire directories (folders). If you want to copy over a directory and its folder contents, use the -r option for recursion.

Grant Knoetze cp command example

Figure 6. The cp command is used to copy a file to another directory.

mv command (move files and directories)

For relocating files or directories to new locations, or for renaming them, you can use the mv command. If you move a file or directory without assigning a new name, it retains its original name, as can be seen in Figure 7.

Grant Knoetze mv command example

Figure 7. Demonstration of the mv command.

sudo command (execute commands with root privileges)

When working in IT, one should use the “least privileged rule.” This principle advocates operating with the lowest level of privilege necessary. Only when a specific administrative task is required should one escalate to administrator privileges, promptly reverting to standard or lower privileges afterward. This practice protects the system from potential damage resulting from accidental errors. In terms of security, this concept is important.

In Linux, the sudo command lets us execute a single command with elevated privileges, temporarily elevating the user to an administrative status solely for that task. Following completion, the user reverts to standard user status.

Some files in the file system require root privileges to access. Figure 8 shows this by using the sudo command to access the /etc/sudoers file, which is only accessible using root privileges.

Grant Knoetze sudo command example

Figure 8. The sudo command is used to access the sudoers file.

ifconfig command (display and modify network interfaces)

The ifconfig command is used to both display and modify network interfaces. When executed without any additional options, the command will display all the network interfaces on the system, along with their current status. The ifconfig command is powerful, so I recommend consulting the --help and man pages to learn its full capabilities.

A common use of the ifconfig command is to get the IP address of the system you are working on (see Figure 9).

Grant Knoetze itconfig command example

Figure 9. Demonstration of the ifconfig command.

netstat command (display network connections and traffic)

The netstat command displays all network connections and traffic, as can be seen in Figure 10.

Grant Knoetze netstat command example

Figure 10. Output of the netstat command.

ping command (assess network connectivity)

The ping command is a powerful utility available on all operating systems. It allows you to check the status of your network, test that a remote host is available, and even send data, as it uses the Internet Control Message Protocol to work.

The ping command sends small packets of data to the remote system and requests a response. The output shows if any packets were dropped, as well as the time in milliseconds it took for the ping to occur. In Figure 11, I use the ping command to assess the status of the Google DNS server at 8.8.8.8.

Grant Knoetze ping command example

Figure 11. The ping command is used to check network connectivity by sending ICMP packets to a remote host.

In Linux, the ping command will keep running until manually interrupted using the keyboard, which is activated by pressing Ctrl + C. So, when you have sent and received the desired amount of pings, use the keyboard interrupt to terminate the process. The terminal will then provide you with the status report.

man command (display detailed help for a command)

As noted earlier, the man command, short for “manual pages,” is used to get detailed guidance about a Linux command. In Figure 12 and Figure 13, I use the man command to get information about the ls command.

Grant Knoetze man command example

Figure 12. Using the man command to get information about the ls command.

Grant Knoetze output of the man command

Figure 13. Output of the man command.

You can navigate through the content of the manual pages using the up and down arrow keys. To exit the interactive terminal, simply press the q key.

zip command (create archives)

Creating compressed archive files is easily done with the zip command. The zip command is a powerful file packaging utility, allowing both compression and extraction. It also supports encryption and can be used to list an archive’s contents. Figure 14 shows the process of creating a compressed folder to house important files. In this example, the -r command ensures recursive inclusion, while a new archive with some folders is established.

Grant Knoetze zip command example

Figure 14. The basic process of forming an archive using the zip command.

You could do the same thing with one directory or as many as you like. In the Figure 14 example, I archived three directories.

unzip command (extract archive files)

Archive files can be extracted using the unzip command (see Figure 15).

Grant Knoetze unzip command example

Figure 15. The unzip command extracts files from an archive.

curl command (download from the web)

The Linux curl command is both a command line tool and a library. It can be extremely useful in security contexts and worked into scripts. If you run the curl command with an IP address or a URL as the option, it will download the respective HTML page. The curl command is can download files from the World Wide Web, too. In Figure 16, I provide a simple example of getting an HTML version of the Ubuntu download page.

Grant Knoetze curl command example

Figure 16. The simplest implementation of curl is to get the HTML version of a website.

To download a file using curl, use this command structure (shown in Figure 17):

curl  --output

Use the --output option to specify the desired name for the downloaded file. As an example, we will download a free GNU sticker book from here: https://www.cyberciti.biz/files/sticker/sticker_book.pdf. You must specify the output file with the -o option.

Grant Knoetze second curl command example

Figure 17. The curl command is used to download a PDF of a free GNU sticker book.

wget command (download from the web)

Much like the curl command, the wget command is another tool for downloading from the web. The wget command can also be run on scripts with multiple URLs.

Here’s how to check if Wget is on the system:

On Debian-based systems, use the dpkg -l | grep wget command.
On Red Hat and other Linux systems, use the rpm -q wget command.

Executing the command will display the system’s packages and pipe it to the grep command to search for the word “wget,” as shown in Figure 18.

Grant Knoetze dpkg wget | grep wget command example

Figure 18. Output of the dpkg wget | grep wget command to see if wget is installed on the system.

If wget is not installed, install it using sudo apt install wget. To see the wget version you are running on the system, use wget --version. To view the available options and get help, use the wget --help command.

To show the wget command in action, we will use the Index of gnu/wget to download a file from https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/wget/.

Crucially, wget can be worked into scripts for downloading files. It will retrieve single files, storing them in the current directory. It also displays download progress, size, date, and time (see Figure 19).

Grant Knoetze wget command example

Figure 19. The wget command is used to download from the internet.

grep command (search within files)

The grep command uses regular expressions to search. I use it frequently when doing memory forensics. Here’s my workflow: I run a plugin using volatility3 and use the standard output redirector to create a file with the artifacts that I want to search. Then, I simply run grep on this .txt file to look for things like attempted connections to command and control servers.

After I have run volatility3 and outputted the contents to a .txt file, I can now use grep to search for HTTP communication. I have used the NetScan plugin for this example, which returns network objects in memory.

Grant Knoetze grep command example

Figure 20. This shows my use of volatility3 to output network objects to a .txt file that I will now search for port 3389 (which is used for Windows Remote Desktop Protocol). This opens up avenues for further exploration, such as digging deeper into processes, examining loaded libraries, and more.

Memory forensics with Volatility3 is beyond this article’s scope. My intention is to illustrate how grep helps me search files for digital forensics, as can be seen in Figure 21.

Grant Knoetze second grep command example

Figure 21. When I use the grep command to search for any string or character, it displays the result in red.

whoami command (display the currently logged-in user)

You can use the whoami command to display the currently logged-in user, as can be seen in Figure 22.

Grant Knoetze whoami command example

Figure 22. Output of the whoami command, telling us that it is grant that is logged in.

pwd command (display the working directory)

The pwd (“print working directory”) command is a fundamental and useful utility to display the file path of your current working directory (see Figure 23).

Grant Knoetze pwd command example

Figure 23. Demonstration of the pwd command.

arch command (get the current computer architecture)

The arch command may be good to know. In Figure 24, I used the arch command to reveal that I am using X86_64 architecture.

Grant Knoetze arch command example

Figure 24. The arch command shows which type of instruction set architecture is in use.

chmod command (change file and folder permissions)

The chmod (change mode) command is a valuable tool for changing the permissions for specific roles. Initially, you select the role whose permissions you want to modify. In the terminal, the file owner is denoted by a u, the group by a g, and all other users by an o. We then use a plus symbol (+) to add permissions or a minus symbol (-) to remove permissions for a given role.

After specifying the role within the command, the actual permission is added as a parameter. In the Linux terminal, r is for read permissions, w is for write permissions, and x is for execute (run) permissions.

So, to add write permissions for the group role, the command would look like this:

sudo chmod g+w

The output can be seen in Figure 25.

Grant Knoetze chmod command example

Figure 25. Output of the chmod command to change the permissions for a file.

tar command (create and extract tar archives)

In Linux, you can use the tar command to create and unpack tarball archives via the command line. The tar command is highly versatile, so I recommend checking the --help page to learn about its options. Tar archives are widely used.

To extract a tar file, run the tar command with the -x flag for extraction and the -f flag to specify the file. In Figure 26, I have used the tar command to extract a tarball. The .gz extension stands for “G Zip,” which is the compression algorithm used to create the archive. LZMA2 is a newer and better compression algorithm, identified by the .xz suffix. The command principles remain the same whether dealing with tar.gz or tar.xz archives.

Grant Knoetze tar command example

Figure 26. The tar command extracts the contents of a downloaded tarball.

In Figure 27, I illustrate how to use the tar command with the -c option (for “create”) to establish a new tarball.

Grant Knoetze second tar command example

Figure 27. Demonstration of how to create a new tarball in the terminal.

diff command (compare two code or text files side by side)

Most developers, myself included, often use the diff command to compare two text files or programs side by side or line by line. This makes it easy to spot the differences in the files.

Simply run the diff command followed by the file names of the items that you wish to compare, as can be seen in Figure 29.

But first, refer to Figure 28 to see how impractical it is to visually compare scripts after simply printing them out.

Grant Knoetze diff command example (before using diff command)

Figure 28. This shows the difficulty in trying to visually compare two small files. Can you imagine a large script with hundreds or thousands of lines of code?

Grant Knoetze diff comand example

Figure 29. This shows how the diff command helps to compare two files. The command tells us the lines that are different.

As we can see, the diff command shows us only the lines that have been changed between two files. The < symbol signifies a line has been removed from the first file, while the > symbol marks a line that was added to the second file. The “6c6” means that the 6th line in the first file was replaced by the 6th line in the second file. The “c” character in between the two numbers stands for “changed.”

When we run the -u (unified) option alongside the diff command, it shows the changed lines with more context, as can be seen in Figure 30. The unified format uses a minus sign (-) for removed lines and a plus sign (+) for newly added lines.

Grant Knoetze another diff command example

Figure 30. Output in the unified format.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: What are the best Linux commands?

A: This is a tough race since there are so many great contenders. The best commands are the ones that accomplish tasks without wasting resources, both human and otherwise. Proficiency in Linux commands will greatly enhance productivity and job satisfaction.

Q: Why are Linux commands used?

A: Like their role in Windows, commands in Linux are important tools for system administration. The approach makes it possible for you to automate repetitive tasks and incorporate commands into scripts.

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